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For the Dictionary Readers

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Art by Leeloo, Photo by Cat
A recent Locus Roundtable question led me to thinking about this. It starts with a confession: I read dictionaries, a habit since early, early years of Richard Scarry.

Not cover to cover, as you would a novel. Rather I pick them up, flip through the pages, pause to dip into them in search of new words to file away mentally. I relish new words so I’m always looking for them, especially sinewy and interesting new verbs, or nouns crusted with bits of morphological history.

I know I’m not alone in this — it’s a disease that many (though certainly not all, or even most, I think) writers (and some non-writers) share, and it’s not one its sufferers talk about much, because Good LORD how boring is that, reading the dictionary?

I have an American Heritage I’ll never part with, and beyond that the beloved Compact OED, three volumes and accompanying magnifying glass, that my brother Lowell got for me while I was in grad school and which will be with me till my dying days, I firmly well. And specialized dictionaries: a Penguin Dictionary of Symbols, a dictionary of foreign terms, another of fashion terms, and a glut of foreign language dictionaries, Russian, Hawaiian, Navaho, jostle for space on one on my most visited bookshelves.

Morphology — the history built into the syllables — fascinates me. That the proto Indo-European word “dwoh” (two) leads to words like double and duo and duplicate and duplicity (two-facedness) is just too cool. In my junior year of high school we had a vocabulary textbook that focused on roots – each section was several roots along with lengthy lists of words derived from them. I loved the idea that you could take a word apart and find its meaning built into it with the syllables of which it was made.

When I was in grad school, we had evenings of pot-luck suppers followed by play reading or rounds of the dictionary game (for which the aforementioned American Heritage was often employed). I will argue that playing word-games can be fun, but that playing it with clever writers can be intoxicating and exhilarating (note the shared root with “hilarity” there) and make you laugh so hard and long your face hurts. My all-time favorite remains the false definition for the word “nidor” – Naval acronym employed when inspecting submarines, stands for Nothing Is Damp Or Rusted.

Sometimes self-consciousness overtakes me. In high school a girl once asked me why I talked “so snobby,” an accusation that still pokes me on occasion. It’s a reason I like talking to other writers — no one views a previously unknown word as a hostile act but rather a gem that duplicates itself in the sharing. No one’s the poorer for talking to someone whose vocabulary stretches them.

Nothing jars on me quite so much as a word used in a half-right fashion, a square peg hammered down into that round hole and MADE to fit through sheer Humpty-Dumptyian insistence (an Alice in Wonderland reference that all we word-lovers know, go read the book if you never have, particularly if you’re a fantasy writer).

What about you? What are the words or word sources that you particularly love?

3 Responses

  1. The notion of using a word in a “half-right fashion” is circular; the way that lexicographers know what the “right” definition of word is is by deducing its meaning from how people use it. Words aren’t manufactured in a dictionary and then released into the world of speakers and writers, where some people just don’t get them right. It’s the other way around.

    Of course, people can argue that a word “should” mean this-and-that, based on its etymology, its historical use (evidence that’s often not nearly as concrete as is sometimes imagined, especially for “hard” or commonly “misused” words), or of course based on what a lexicographer has written. But the lexicon of the demotic has never been successfully corralled into boundaries established by dictionaries. People use words they way they will, and lexicographers in general consider their job not to be leading the crowd, but trying to keep up with it.

    All that said, this doesn’t mean that it isn’t possible for people to use a word incorrectly. Individuals of course might simply have the wrong definition in their heads. A friend of mine has a favorite example where he says for a long time he thought the word “erstwhile” meant “distinguished.” And I’m sure I’ve corrected my misunderstanding of dozens (hundreds) words like that plus continue to have a healthy collection of words whose meanings I don’t have quite right. In those cases, tho, the writer is not insisting on a new meaning, I don’t think, and would not be obstinate about their intent. Then again … 🙂

  2. I love dictionaries and encyclopedias, too. I collect words like a child collects pretty rocks. Ha–I collect those, too.

    I remember being asked to ‘shut up’ by my ninth grade teacher when I corrected her use of a gerund. After that, I didn’t speak in a single class unless called upon until college. Where I was told to shut up by a very bad English prof, again. In grad school, I diagrammed a poorly written
    sentence in the midst of a debate about what the first-year guidebook said was expected of us grad students on our second-year competency exams. The prof, a very proper British archaeologist, threatened violence when I showed the sentence was poorly constructed, because the modifier was on the verb. Turns out she’d written it.

    Nowhere have I found as much love for words as in the midst of fellow writers. Even my linguist friends are less excited by them, I think.

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Some writers don’t rewrite; others do. I’m among the latter – by the time a story goes out, it’s passed beneath my eyes at least four or five times, often significantly more, and at least one of those passes has been a read-aloud. If that’s not your style, perhaps you’ll prefer this story prompt, this post on three things that end a story well, or the always popular Rambo Cat. If you’re with me in a preference for the polished, though, here’s some techniques for fine-tuning prose.

Towards the end of working on something, you often get weary. You’ve looked at that sentence so many times it’s become meaningless. Perhaps you reach the point of the final polish and think, “Well, it’s good enough already.” It’s not. Give it one last gloss, one last rub of the magic word-rag to bring its surface up to such a mirror-bright sheen that the editor can see their humanity reflected in it.

Talking to a friend, I compared this to going over each paragraph looking for zits, words or phrases that are little ugly clots marring the sentence. Groom the prose like a show pony, trimming dead-ends of lifeless conjunctions or combing sentences into parallel structure in order to bring them to a glossy shine.

1. Remove adverbs. An effective way to find instances of adverbs is to search on “ly” via your word processor. Nine times out of ten, if not more, the adverb’s a signal that a better verb is needed: “dashed” instead of “ran quickly” or “shouted” rather than “said loudly”. Find that verb and snip off that lumpy adverb.

2. Too long sentences (and paragraphs). Split up long sentences, whose meaning may waver and transform somewhere between the first word and the last. You want varied sentence construction, a mix of long and short, unless you’re trying for a deliberate effect by sticking to one or the other. This level of pass is a good place to get out the shears and cut through a few conjunctions.

3. Cliche comparisons and figures of speech. Watch for tired phrases and spend a moment to come up with something fresher. Use a random tool to spark ideas if you need to. Liven things up.

4. And then. Look at the beginnings of sentences to see if their first words are necessary. “And” and “Then” are common ways to begin a sentence that are usually unnecessary. Those words should only begin sentences if they’re needed for pacing. Otherwise, they’re extraneous.

5. Bad sentence constructions. It’s easy, with long sentences, to get confused and a touch ungrammatical. It’s okay to break the rules of grammar but make sure it’s deliberate and not accidental.

Now put away your sandpaper and blow gently on your paragraphs. Part of the process is letting the words rest for a little while. Now’s the time to do that. Go out into the sunlight or evening, leaving your writing behind locked safely in drawer or computer file – steeping, aging, mellowing until you’re ready to look at it again.

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  1. Give your characters a real problem. More than one. The shittier you are to your characters, the more people can identify with them.
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What strategies have I overlooked? Characters are pretty central to stories, and strong, clearly delineated characters will serve you well.

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